Once upon a time in childhood, we learned to count to ten, then to a hundred, then to a thousand. So what's the biggest number you know? A thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion... And then? Petallion, someone will say, and he will be wrong, because he confuses the SI prefix with a completely different concept.
In fact, the question is not as simple as it seems at first glance. Firstly, we are talking about naming the names of powers of a thousand. And here, the first nuance that many know from American films is that they call our billion a billion.
Further, there are two types of scales - long and short. In our country, a short scale is used. In this scale, at each step the mantissa increases by three orders of magnitude, i.e. multiply by a thousand - thousand 10 3, million 10 6, billion/billion 10 9, trillion (10 12). In the long scale, after a billion 10 9 there is a billion 10 12, and subsequently the mantissa increases by six orders of magnitude, and the next number, which is called a trillion, already means 10 18.
But let's return to our native scale. Want to know what comes after a trillion? Please:
10 3 thousand
10 6 million
10 9 billion
10 12 trillion
10 15 quadrillion
10 18 quintillion
10 21 sextillion
10 24 septillion
10 27 octillion
10 30 nonillion
10 33 decillion
10 36 undecillion
10 39 dodecillion
10 42 tredecillion
10 45 quattoordecillion
10 48 quindecillion
10 51 cedecillion
10 54 septdecillion
10 57 duodevigintillion
10 60 undevigintillion
10 63 vigintillion
10 66 anvigintillion
10 69 duovigintillion
10 72 trevigintillion
10 75 quattorvigintillion
10 78 quinvigintillion
10 81 sexvigintillion
10 84 septemvigintillion
10 87 octovigintillion
10 90 novemvigintillion
10 93 trigintillion
10 96 antigintillion
At this number, our short scale cannot stand it, and subsequently the mantis increases progressively.
10 100 googol
10,123 quadragintillion
10,153 quinquagintillion
10,183 sexagintillion
10,213 septuagintillion
10,243 octogintillion
10,273 nonagintillion
10,303 centillion
10,306 centunillion
10,309 centullion
10,312 centtrillion
10,315 centquadrillion
10,402 centretrigintillion
10,603 decentillion
10,903 trcentillion
10 1203 quadringentillion
10 1503 quingentillion
10 1803 sescentillion
10 2103 septingentillion
10 2403 oxtingentillion
10 2703 nongentillion
10 3003 million
10 6003 duo-million
10 9003 three million
10 3000003 mimiliaillion
10 6000003 duomimiliaillion
10 10 100 googolplex
10 3×n+3 zillion
Google(from the English googol) - a number represented in the decimal number system by a unit followed by 100 zeros:
10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
In 1938, American mathematician Edward Kasner (1878-1955) was walking in the park with his two nephews and discussing large numbers with them. During the conversation, we talked about a number with a hundred zeros, which did not have its own name. One of the nephews, nine-year-old Milton Sirotta, suggested calling this number “googol.” In 1940, Edward Kasner, together with James Newman, wrote the popular science book “Mathematics and Imagination” (“New Names in Mathematics”), where he told mathematics lovers about the googol number.
The term “googol” does not have any serious theoretical or practical meaning. Kasner proposed it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity, and the term is sometimes used in mathematics teaching for this purpose.
Googolplex(from the English googolplex) - a number represented by a unit with a googol of zeros. Like the googol, the term "googolplex" was coined by American mathematician Edward Kasner and his nephew Milton Sirotta.
The number of googols is greater than the number of all particles in the part of the universe known to us, which ranges from 1079 to 1081. Thus, the number googolplex, consisting of (googol + 1) digits, cannot be written down in the classical “decimal” form, even if all matter in the known parts of the universe turned into paper and ink or computer disk space.
Zillion(English zillion) - a general name for very large numbers.
This term does not have a strict mathematical definition. In 1996, Conway (eng. J. H. Conway) and Guy (eng. R. K. Guy) in their book English. The Book of Numbers defined a zillion to the nth power as 10 3×n+3 for the short scale number naming system.
Back in the fourth grade, I was interested in the question: “What are numbers greater than a billion called? And why?” Since then, I have been looking for all the information on this issue for a long time and collecting it bit by bit. But with the advent of Internet access, searching has accelerated significantly. Now I present all the information I found so that others can answer the question: “What are large and very large numbers called?”
A little history
The southern and eastern Slavic peoples used alphabetical numbering to record numbers. Moreover, for the Russians, not all letters played the role of numbers, but only those that are in the Greek alphabet. A special “title” icon was placed above the letter indicating the number. At the same time, the numerical values of the letters increased in the same order as the letters in the Greek alphabet (the order of the letters of the Slavic alphabet was slightly different).
In Russia, Slavic numbering was preserved until the end of the 17th century. Under Peter I, the so-called “Arabic numbering” prevailed, which we still use today.
There were also changes in the names of numbers. For example, until the 15th century, the number "twenty" was written as "two tens" (two tens), but was then shortened for faster pronunciation. Until the 15th century, the number "forty" was denoted by the word "fourty", and in the 15th-16th centuries this word was replaced by the word "forty", which originally meant a bag in which 40 squirrel or sable skins were placed. There are two options about the origin of the word “thousand”: from the old name “thick hundred” or from a modification of the Latin word centum - “hundred”.
The name “million” first appeared in Italy in 1500 and was formed by adding an augmentative suffix to the number “mille” - a thousand (i.e., it meant “big thousand”), it penetrated into the Russian language later, and before that the same meaning in in Russian it was designated by the number "leodr". The word “billion” came into use only since the Franco-Prussian War (1871), when the French had to pay Germany an indemnity of 5,000,000,000 francs. Like "million," the word "billion" comes from the root "thousand" with the addition of an Italian magnifying suffix. In Germany and America for some time the word “billion” meant the number 100,000,000; This explains that the word billionaire was used in America before any rich person had $1,000,000,000. In the ancient (18th century) “Arithmetic” of Magnitsky, a table of the names of numbers is given, brought to the “quadrillion” (10^24, according to the system through 6 digits). Perelman Ya.I. in the book "Entertaining Arithmetic" the names of large numbers of that time are given, slightly different from today: septillion (10^42), octalion (10^48), nonalion (10^54), decalion (10^60), endecalion (10^ 66), dodecalion (10^72) and it is written that “there are no further names.”
Principles for constructing names and a list of large numbers
All names of large numbers are constructed in a fairly simple way: at the beginning there is a Latin ordinal number, and at the end the suffix -million is added to it. An exception is the name "million" which is the name of the number thousand (mille) and the augmentative suffix -million. There are two main types of names for large numbers in the world:
system 3x+3 (where x is a Latin ordinal number) - this system is used in Russia, France, USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, Brazil, Greece
and the 6x system (where x is a Latin ordinal number) - this system is most common in the world (for example: Spain, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Poland, Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Finland). In it, the missing intermediate 6x+3 end with the suffix -billion (from it we borrowed billion, which is also called billion).
Below is a general list of numbers used in Russia:
| Number | Name | Latin numeral | Magnifying attachment SI | Diminishing prefix SI | Practical significance |
| 10 1 | ten | deca- | deci- | Number of fingers on 2 hands | |
| 10 2 | one hundred | hecto- | centi- | About half the number of all states on Earth | |
| 10 3 | thousand | kilo- | Milli- | Approximate number of days in 3 years | |
| 10 6 | million | unus (I) | mega- | micro- | 5 times the number of drops in a 10 liter bucket of water |
| 10 9 | billion (billion) | duo (II) | giga- | nano- | Estimated Population of India |
| 10 12 | trillion | tres (III) | tera- | pico- | 1/13 of Russia's gross domestic product in rubles for 2003 |
| 10 15 | quadrillion | quattor (IV) | peta- | femto- | 1/30 of the length of a parsec in meters |
| 10 18 | quintillion | quinque (V) | exa- | atto- | 1/18th of the number of grains from the legendary award to the inventor of chess |
| 10 21 | sextillion | sex (VI) | zetta- | ceto- | 1/6 of the mass of planet Earth in tons |
| 10 24 | septillion | septem (VII) | yotta- | yocto- | Number of molecules in 37.2 liters of air |
| 10 27 | octillion | octo (VIII) | nah- | sieve- | Half of Jupiter's mass in kilograms |
| 10 30 | quintillion | novem (IX) | dea- | threado- | 1/5 of all microorganisms on the planet |
| 10 33 | decillion | decem (X) | una- | revolution | Half the mass of the Sun in grams |
The pronunciation of the numbers that follow often differs.
| Number | Name | Latin numeral | Practical significance |
| 10 36 | andecillion | undecim (XI) | |
| 10 39 | duodecillion | duodecim (XII) | |
| 10 42 | thredecillion | tredecim (XIII) | 1/100 of the number of air molecules on Earth |
| 10 45 | quattordecillion | quattuordecim (XIV) | |
| 10 48 | quindecillion | quindecim (XV) | |
| 10 51 | sexdecillion | sedecim (XVI) | |
| 10 54 | septemdecillion | septendecim (XVII) | |
| 10 57 | octodecillion | So many elementary particles on the Sun | |
| 10 60 | novemdecillion | ||
| 10 63 | vigintillion | viginti (XX) | |
| 10 66 | anvigintillion | unus et viginti (XXI) | |
| 10 69 | duovigintillion | duo et viginti (XXII) | |
| 10 72 | trevigintillion | tres et viginti (XXIII) | |
| 10 75 | quattorvigintillion | ||
| 10 78 | quinvigintillion | ||
| 10 81 | sexvigintillion | So many elementary particles in the universe | |
| 10 84 | septemvigintillion | ||
| 10 87 | octovigintillion | ||
| 10 90 | novemvigintillion | ||
| 10 93 | trigintillion | triginta (XXX) | |
| 10 96 | antigintillion |
- ...
- 10,100 - googol (the number was invented by the 9-year-old nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kasner)
- 10 123 - quadragintillion (quadraginta, XL)
- 10 153 - quinquagintillion (quinquaginta, L)
- 10 183 - sexagintillion (sexaginta, LX)
- 10,213 - septuagintillion (septuaginta, LXX)
- 10,243 - octogintillion (octoginta, LXXX)
- 10,273 - nonagintillion (nonaginta, XC)
- 10 303 - centillion (Centum, C)
- 10 306 - ancentillion or centunillion
- 10 309 - duocentillion or centullion
- 10 312 - trecentillion or centtrillion
- 10 315 - quattorcentillion or centquadrillion
- 10 402 - tretrigyntacentillion or centretrigyntillion
The numbers follow:
Some literary references:
- Perelman Ya.I. "Fun arithmetic." - M.: Triada-Litera, 1994, pp. 134-140
- Vygodsky M.Ya. "Handbook of Elementary Mathematics". - St. Petersburg, 1994, pp. 64-65
- "Encyclopedia of Knowledge". - comp. IN AND. Korotkevich. - St. Petersburg: Sova, 2006, p. 257
- “Interesting about physics and mathematics.” - Quantum Library. issue 50. - M.: Nauka, 1988, p. 50
Naming systems for large numbers
There are two systems for naming numbers - American and European (English).
In the American system, all names of large numbers are constructed like this: at the beginning there is a Latin ordinal number, and at the end the suffix “million” is added to it. An exception is the name "million", which is the name of the number thousand (Latin mille) and the magnifying suffix "illion". This is how numbers are obtained - trillion, quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, etc. The American system is used in the USA, Canada, France and Russia. The number of zeros in a number written according to the American system is determined by the formula 3 x + 3 (where x is a Latin numeral).
The European (English) naming system is the most common in the world. It is used, for example, in Great Britain and Spain, as well as in most former English and Spanish colonies. The names of numbers in this system are constructed as follows: the suffix “million” is added to the Latin numeral, the name of the next number (1,000 times larger) is formed from the same Latin numeral, but with the suffix “billion”. That is, after a trillion in this system there is a trillion, and only then a quadrillion, followed by a quadrillion, etc. The number of zeros in a number written according to the European system and ending with the suffix “million” is determined by the formula 6 x + 3 (where x is a Latin numeral) and by the formula 6 x + 6 for numbers ending in “billion”. In some countries that use the American system, for example, in Russia, Turkey, Italy, the word “billion” is used instead of the word “billion”.
Both systems originate from France. French physicist and mathematician Nicolas Chuquet coined the words "billion" and "trillion" and used them to represent the numbers 10 12 and 10 18 respectively, which served as the basis for the European system.
But some French mathematicians in the 17th century used the words "billion" and "trillion" for the numbers 10 9 and 10 12, respectively. This naming system took hold in France and America, and became known as American, while the original Choquet system continued to be used in Great Britain and Germany. France returned to the Choquet system (i.e. European) in 1948.
In recent years, the American system has been replacing the European one, partially in the UK and, so far, little noticeably in other European countries. This is mainly due to the fact that Americans insist in financial transactions that $1,000,000,000 should be called a billion dollars. In 1974, Prime Minister Harold Wilson's government announced that the word billion would be 10 9 rather than 10 12 in UK official records and statistics.
| Number | Titles | Prefixes in SI (+/-) | Notes |
| . | Zillion | from English zillion | General name for very large numbers. This term does not have a strict mathematical definition. In 1996, J.H. Conway and R.K. Guy, in their book The Book of Numbers, defined a zillion to the nth power as 10 3n + 3 for the American system (million - 10 6, billion - 10 9, trillion - 10 12 , ...) and as 10 6n for the European system (million - 10 6, billion - 10 12, trillion - 10 18, ....) |
| 10 3 | Thousand | kilo and milli | Also denoted by the Roman numeral M (from Latin mille). |
| 10 6 | Million | mega and micro | Often used in Russian as a metaphor to denote a very large number (quantity) of something. |
| 10 9 | Billion, billion(French billion) | giga and nano | Billion - 10 9 (in the American system), 10 12 (in the European system). The word was coined by the French physicist and mathematician Nicolas Choquet to denote the number 10 12 (million million - billion). In some countries using Amer. system, instead of the word “billion” the word “billion” is used, borrowed from European. systems. |
| 10 12 | Trillion | tera and pico | In some countries, the number 10 18 is called a trillion. |
| 10 15 | Quadrillion | peta and femto | In some countries, the number 10 24 is called a quadrillion. |
| 10 18 | Quintillion | . | . |
| 10 21 | Sextillion | zetta and cepto, or zepto | In some countries, the number 1036 is called a sextillion. |
| 10 24 | Septillion | yotta and yokto | In some countries, the number 1042 is called a septillion. |
| 10 27 | Octillion | Nope and sieve | In some countries, the number 1048 is called an octillion. |
| 10 30 | Quintillion | dea and tredo | In some countries, the number 10 54 is called a nonillion. |
| 10 33 | Decillion | Una and Revo | In some countries, the number 10 60 is called a decillion. |
12
- Dozen(from French douzaine or Italian dozzina, which in turn came from Latin duodecim.)
A measure of piece counting of homogeneous objects. Widely used before the introduction of the metric system. For example, a dozen scarves, a dozen forks. 12 dozen make a gross. The word “dozen” was mentioned for the first time in Russian in 1720. It was originally used by sailors.
13
- Baker's dozen
The number is considered unlucky. Many Western hotels do not have rooms numbered 13, and office buildings do not have 13 floors. There are no seats with this number in opera houses in Italy. On almost all ships, after the 12th cabin there is the 14th.
144 - Gross- “big dozen” (from German Gro? - big)
A counting unit equal to 12 dozen. It was usually used when counting small haberdashery and stationery items - pencils, buttons, writing pens, etc. A dozen gross makes a mass.
1728 - Weight
Mass (obsolete) - a measure equal to a dozen gross, i.e. 144 * 12 = 1728 pieces. Widely used before the introduction of the metric system.
666
or 616
- Number of the beast
A special number mentioned in the Bible (Revelation 13:18, 14:2). It is assumed that in connection with the assignment of a numerical value to the letters of ancient alphabets, this number can mean any name or concept, the sum of the numerical values of the letters of which is 666. Such words could be: "Lateinos" (meaning in Greek everything Latin; suggested by Jerome ), "Nero Caesar", "Bonaparte" and even "Martin Luther". In some manuscripts the number of the beast is read as 616.
10 4 or 10 6 - Myriad - "innumerable multitude"
Myriad - the word is outdated and practically not used, but the word "myriads" - (astronomer) is widely used, which means an uncountable, uncountable multitude of something.
Myriad was the largest number for which the ancient Greeks had a name. However, in his work "Psammit" ("Calculus of grains of sand"), Archimedes showed how to systematically construct and name arbitrarily large numbers. Archimedes called all the numbers from 1 to the myriad (10,000) the first numbers, he called the myriad of myriads (10 8) the unit of second numbers (dimyriad), he called the myriad of myriads of second numbers (10 16) the unit of third numbers (trimyriad), etc. .
10 000
- dark
100 000
- legion
1 000 000
- Leodr
10 000 000
- raven or corvid
100 000 000
- deck
The ancient Slavs also loved large numbers and were able to count to a billion. Moreover, they called such an account a “small account.” In some manuscripts, the authors also considered the “great count,” reaching the number 10 50. About numbers greater than 10 50 it was said: “And more than this cannot be understood by the human mind.” The names used in the “small count” were transferred to the “great count”, but with a different meaning. So, darkness no longer meant 10,000, but a million, legion - the darkness of those (a million millions); leodre - legion of legions - 10 24, then it was said - ten leodres, one hundred leodres, ..., and, finally, one hundred thousand those legion of leodres - 10 47; leodr leodrov -10 48 was called the raven and, finally, the deck -10 49 .
10 140 - Asankhey I (from Chinese asentsi - innumerable)
Mentioned in the famous Buddhist treatise Jaina Sutra, dating back to 100 BC. It is believed that this number is equal to the number of cosmic cycles required to achieve nirvana.
Google(from English googol) - 10 100 , that is, one followed by one hundred zeros.
The “googol” was first written about in 1938 in the article “New Names in Mathematics” in the January issue of the journal Scripta Mathematica by the American mathematician Edward Kasner. According to him, it was his nine-year-old nephew Milton Sirotta who suggested calling the large number a “googol”. This number became generally known thanks to the search engine named after it. Google. Note that " Google" - This trademark, A googol - number.
Googolplex(English googolplex) 10 10 100 - 10 to the power of googol.
The number was also invented by Kasner and his nephew and means one with a googol of zeros, that is, 10 to the power of a googol. This is how Kasner himself describes this “discovery”:
Words of wisdom are spoken by children at least as often as by scientists. The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner\"s nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely, 1 with a hundred zeros after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "Googolplex." A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out.
Mathematics and the Imagination (1940) by Kasner and James R. Newman.
Skewes number(Skewes` number) - Sk 1 e e e 79 - means e to the power of e to the power of e to the power of 79.
It was proposed by J. Skewes in 1933 (Skewes. J. London Math. Soc. 8, 277-283, 1933.) in proving the Riemann hypothesis concerning prime numbers. Later, Riele (te Riele, H. J. J. "On the Sign of the Difference П(x)-Li(x)." Math. Comput. 48, 323-328, 1987) reduced the Skuse number to e e 27/4, which is approximately equal to 8.185 10 370 .
Second Skewes number- Sk 2
It was introduced by J. Skuse in the same article to denote the number up to which the Riemann hypothesis does not hold. Sk 2 is equal to 10 10 10 10 3 .
As you understand, the more degrees there are, the more difficult it is to understand which number is greater. For example, looking at Skewes numbers, without special calculations, it is almost impossible to understand which of these two numbers is larger. Thus, for super-large numbers it becomes inconvenient to use powers. Moreover, you can come up with such numbers (and they have already been invented) when the degrees of degrees simply do not fit on the page. Yes, that's on the page! They won’t fit even into a book the size of the entire Universe!
In this case, the question arises of how to write them down. The problem, as you understand, is solvable, and mathematicians have developed several principles for writing such numbers. True, every mathematician who wondered about this problem came up with his own way of writing, which led to the existence of several, unrelated to each other, methods for writing numbers - these are the notations of Knuth, Conway, Steinhouse, etc.
Hugo Stenhouse notation(H. Steinhaus. Mathematical Snapshots, 3rd edn. 1983) is quite simple. Steinhaus (German: Steihaus) proposed writing large numbers inside geometric figures - triangle, square and circle.
Steinhouse came up with super-large numbers and called the number 2 in a circle - Mega, 3 in a circle - Medzone, and the number 10 in a circle is Megiston.
Mathematician Leo Moser modified Stenhouse's notation, which was limited by the fact that if it was necessary to write numbers much larger than megiston, difficulties and inconveniences arose, since it was necessary to draw many circles one inside the other. Moser suggested that after the squares, draw not circles, but pentagons, then hexagons, and so on. He also proposed a formal notation for these polygons so that numbers could be written without drawing complex pictures. Moser notation looks like this:
- "n triangle" = nn = n.
- "n squared" = n = "n in n triangles" = nn.
- "n in a pentagon" = n = "n in n squares" = nn.
- n = "n in n k-gons" = n[k]n.
In Moser's notation, Steinhouse's mega is written as 2, and megiston as 10. Leo Moser proposed calling a polygon with the number of sides equal to mega - megagon. He also proposed the number “2 in Megagon”, that is, 2. This number became known as Moser number(Moser`s number) or just like Moser. But the Moser number is not the largest number.
The largest number ever used in mathematical proof is the limit known as Graham number(Graham's number), first used in 1977 in the proof of one estimate in Ramsey's theory. It is related to bichromatic hypercubes and cannot be expressed without a special 64-level system of special mathematical symbols introduced by D. Knuth in 1976.
It is known that an infinite number of numbers and only a few have their own names, because most numbers received names consisting of small numbers. The largest numbers need to be designated somehow.
"Short" and "long" scale
Number names used today began to receive in the fifteenth century, then the Italians first used the word million, meaning “large thousand,” bimillion (million squared) and trimillion (million cubed).
This system was described in his monograph by the Frenchman Nicolas Chuquet, he recommended using Latin numerals, adding the inflection “-million” to them, so bimillion became billion, and three million became trillion, and so on.
But according to the proposed system, he called the numbers between a million and a billion “a thousand millions.” It was not comfortable to work with such a gradation and in 1549 by the Frenchman Jacques Peletier advised to name the numbers located in the indicated interval, again using Latin prefixes, while introducing a different ending - “-billion”.
So 109 was called billion, 1015 - billiard, 1021 - trillion.
Gradually this system began to be used in Europe. But some scientists confused the names of the numbers, this created a paradox when the words billion and billion became synonymous. Subsequently, the United States created its own procedure for naming large numbers. According to him, the construction of names is carried out in a similar way, but only the numbers differ.
The previous system continued to be used in Great Britain, which is why it was called British, although it was originally created by the French. But already in the seventies of the last century, Great Britain also began to apply the system.
Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the concept created by American scientists is usually called short scale, while the original French-British - long scale.
The short scale has found active use in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Greece, Romania, and Brazil. In Russia it is also used, with only one difference - the number 109 is traditionally called a billion. But the French-British version was preferred in many other countries.
In order to denote numbers larger than a decillion, scientists decided to combine several Latin prefixes, so undecillion, quattordecillion and others were named. If you use Schuke system, then, according to it, giant numbers will receive the names “vigintillion”, “centillion” and “million” (103003), respectively, according to the long scale, such a number will receive the name “billion” (106003).
Numbers with unique names
Many numbers were named without reference to various systems and parts of words. There are a lot of these numbers, for example, this Pi", a dozen, and numbers over a million.
IN Ancient Rus' its own numerical system has been used for a long time. Hundreds of thousands were designated by the word legion, a million were called leodromes, tens of millions were ravens, hundreds of millions were called a deck. This was the “small count,” but the “great count” used the same words, only they had a different meaning, for example, leodr could mean a legion of legions (1024), and a deck could mean ten ravens (1096).
It happened that children came up with names for numbers, so the mathematician Edward Kasner gave the idea young Milton Sirotta, who proposed to name the number with a hundred zeros (10100) simply "googol". This number received the greatest publicity in the nineties of the twentieth century, when the Google search engine was named in its honor. The boy also suggested the name “googloplex,” a number with a googol of zeros.
But Claude Shannon in the middle of the twentieth century, evaluating moves in a chess game, calculated that there were 10,118 of them, now this "Shannon number".
In the ancient work of Buddhists "Jaina Sutras", written almost twenty-two centuries ago, notes the number “asankheya” (10140), which is exactly how many cosmic cycles, according to Buddhists, are necessary to achieve nirvana.
Stanley Skuse described large quantities as "first Skewes number" equal to 10108.85.1033, and the “second Skewes number” is even more impressive and equals 1010101000.
Notations
Of course, depending on the number of degrees contained in a number, it becomes problematic to record it in writing, and even in reading, error databases. Some numbers cannot be contained on several pages, so mathematicians have come up with notations to capture large numbers.
It is worth considering that they are all different, each has its own principle of fixation. Among these it is worth mentioning Steinhaus and Knuth notations.
However, the largest number, the “Graham number,” was used Ronald Graham in 1977 when performing mathematical calculations, and this is the number G64.
This is a tablet for learning numbers from 1 to 100. The book is suitable for children over 4 years old.
Those who are familiar with Montesori training have probably already seen such a sign. It has many applications and now we will get to know them.
The child must have excellent knowledge of numbers up to 10 before starting to work with the table, since counting up to 10 is the basis for teaching numbers up to 100 and above.
With the help of this table, the child will learn the names of numbers up to 100; count to 100; sequence of numbers. You can also practice counting by 2, 3, 5, etc.
The table can be copied here
How to use the table
Starting from 1 and counting to 100. Initially the parent/teacher shows how it is done.
It is important that the child notices the principle by which numbers are repeated.
3. Mark some numbers. Ask your child to say their names.
The second version of the exercise is for the parent to name arbitrary numbers, and the child finds and marks them.
4. Count in 5.
The child counts 1,2,3,4,5 and marks the last (fifth) number.
Continues counting 1,2,3,4,5 and marks the last number until it reaches 100. Then lists the marked numbers.
Similarly, one learns to count in 2, 3, etc.
5. If you copy the number template again and cut it, you can make cards. They can be placed in the table as you will see in the following lines
In this case, the table is copied on blue cardboard so that it can be easily distinguished from the white background of the table.
Before this, it is important that the parent divides the cards into 10s (from 1 to 10; from 11 to 20; from 21 to 30, etc.). The child takes a card, puts it down and says the number.