Decree on the complete nationalization of industry. Decree “On the nationalization of the oil industry

The Bolsheviks knew how to make oil magnates and the industry work in the interests of the entire country, in the interests of every citizen

99 years ago, on June 20, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted the decree “On the nationalization oil industry" It should be noted that big role I.V.’s position played a role in this. Stalin, who tirelessly supported the Baku government's demand for nationalization.

1. Oil producing, oil refining, oil trading, auxiliary drilling and transport enterprises (tanks, oil pipelines, oil warehouses, docks, dock structures, etc.) with all their movable and immovable property, wherever it is located and in whatever condition, are declared state property. it did not conclude.

2. Small enterprises mentioned in paragraph 1 are excluded from the application of this decree. The grounds and procedure for the said seizure are determined special rules, the development of which is entrusted to the Main Petroleum Committee.

3. Announced state monopoly trade in oil and its products.

4. The matter of managing nationalized enterprises in general, as well as determining the procedure for carrying out nationalization, is transferred to the Main Petroleum Committee under the Fuel Department of the Supreme Council National economy(Glavkoneft).

5. The procedure for the formation of local bodies for the management of nationalized enterprises and the limits of their competence are determined by special instructions of the Main Petroleum Committee upon approval by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy.

6. Pending the acceptance of the nationalized enterprises as a whole into the management of the Main Petroleum Committee, the previous boards of the named enterprises are obliged to continue their work in in full, taking all measures to protect the national heritage and the non-stop progress of operations.

7. The previous board of each enterprise must draw up a report for the entire year 1917 and for the first half of 1918, as well as the balance sheet of the enterprise as of June 20, according to which the new board checks and actually accepts the enterprise.

8. The Main Petroleum Committee has the right, without waiting for the submission of balance sheets and until the complete transfer of nationalized enterprises to the management of bodies Soviet power, send their commissioners to all boards of oil enterprises, as well as to all centers of extraction, production, transport and trade in oil, and the Main Petroleum Committee can delegate its powers to its commissioners.

9. All rights and obligations of the councils of congresses of oil industrialists are transferred to the relevant local authorities on the management of the nationalized oil industry.

10. All employees of enterprises and institutions coming under the jurisdiction of the Main Petroleum Committee are ordered to remain in their places without interrupting the work assigned to them.

11. Pending the publication by the Main Petroleum Committee of the instructions, orders and rules provided for in the decree, local councils of the national economy, and where there are none, other local bodies of Soviet power are given the right to publish them for their area.

12. This decree comes into force immediately upon publication.

Chairman of the board People's Commissars
V. Ulyanov (Lenin),

Administrator of the Council of People's Commissars
V. Bonch-Bruevich,

Secretary of the Council N. Gorbunov

VOICE OF THE PEOPLE

Evgeny Agliullin:

Now it’s time to do the same, you don’t even need to add anything, everything was written a long time ago

"The Truth about the Soviet Era"

The most important role in the creation of socialist property is played by:

nationalization of land;
nationalization of industry;
nationalization of banks.

Let's consider their features.

Nationalization of land

Note 1

The beginning of the nationalization of land in Russia should be considered the adoption of the Decree on Land on October 26 (November 8), 1917, in accordance with which the victorious class began to carry out socialist reforms. In accordance with the Decree, the objects that were subject to “nationalization” included land, its subsoil, water and forest resources, the Institute “ private property» on land was abolished, and the land, in accordance with the Decree, became public (state) property.

In accordance with the Decree, over 150 million hectares of land confiscated from landowners, monasteries, churches, state lands and others were transferred free of charge to the peasants. total area lands that were owned and used by peasants after the adoption of the Decree increased by almost 70 percent. Also, according to the Decree, peasants were exempted from rent payments to former owners and from the costs of acquiring new land property.

In the conditions of the beginning military intervention And civil war The Soviet state began to unite the rural poor around specially created organizations (committees of the poor), the main tasks of which were to be:

redistribution of land, equipment and livestock in favor of the poorest villagers;
providing assistance to food detachments in removing “surplus” food;
implementation of the agricultural policy of the Soviet state in rural areas.

For their services, the poor could receive a certain reward in the form of basic necessities and grain, which were sold at significant discounts and generally free of charge.

In August 1918, a plan was developed to fight for the bread of the new harvest, based on an alliance of the “poor and starving peasantry” with the middle peasants, designed for direct product exchange of requisitioned industrial goods for bread.

Specifically, this direct product exchange was expressed in the system of surplus appropriation, which confiscated from the peasantry not only surpluses, but also the reserves of grain necessary for sowing.

Thus, the nationalization of lands, water and forest resources was carried out in the interests of people working on the earth. Later she will become economic basis for agricultural cooperation.

Nationalization of industry

Note 2

When carrying out nationalization in industry, the first step was the adoption of the Decree on Workers' Control, according to which the workers themselves had to learn to manage. But the Decrees adopted did not always keep up with the natural course of events.

Workers, left to their own devices, rarely had the necessary technical knowledge, relevant industrial skills and discipline, knowledge in the field of organizing technical accounting, without which it was impossible to carry out the normal operation of the enterprise.

There were cases when workers simply appropriated its funds after the seizure of an enterprise, sold equipment and supplies, and used the money received in their own interests

There are several stages in the nationalization of industry:

At the first stage (November 1917 - February 1918), nationalization was characterized by a fast pace and broad initiative of local authorities.

During the first stage, more than 800 enterprises were nationalized and individual industries industry.

This period of nationalization was called the “Red Guard attack on capital” stage; the pace of nationalization significantly outpaced the pace of creating management systems for state-owned enterprises.

In November 1917, the nationalization of enterprises began large industry, the nationalization process primarily included those private enterprises whose production was extremely important for the Soviet state, and those whose owners pursued a policy of sabotage.

The second stage of nationalization took place from March to June 1918. During this period, the center of gravity of economic and political work The RSDLP was a shift in attention from the expropriation of private property to the strengthening of already won economic positions, the organization of a system of socialist accounting and control, the organization of management systems socialist industry. The main feature of the second stage of nationalization is the socialization of not only individual enterprises, but also entire industries, as well as the creation necessary conditions for the nationalization of all major industry. Thus, on May 2, 1918, a Decree on the nationalization of enterprises in the sugar industry was adopted, and on June 20, a Decree on the nationalization of enterprises in the oil industry was adopted. A conference of representatives of nationalized engineering factories, held in May 1918, decided to nationalize transport engineering factories. In total, during the second period, more than 1,200 industrial enterprises.

Third, The final stage nationalization began in June 1918 and ended in June 1919. Its main characteristic is the strengthening of the organizing, leading role of the Council of People's Commissars and its territorial economic bodies in carrying out nationalization.

Thus, in the fall of 1918, the state owned more than 9,500 industrial enterprises. Since the summer of 1919, the pace of “nationalization” has increased sharply, which was caused by the need to mobilize all available production resources during the period of civil war and intervention.

Note 3

As a result of the nationalization of industry, the basis was created for the industrialization of the economy of the young socialist state.

Nationalization of banks

One of the most important measures to create socialist economy young Russian state began the processes of “nationalization” of banks, which began with the nationalization of the State Bank of Russia and the establishment state control over private commercial banks.

The nationalization of the banking sector was determined by the provisions of two legislative acts - the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 14 (27), 1917, according to which all private commercial banks were transferred to state ownership, and a state monopoly on the organization of banking was also established. The decree of the Council of People's Commissars, issued on January 23 (February 5), 1918, completely and free of charge transferred the capital of private commercial banks to the State Bank.

The process of merging nationalized private commercial banks with the State Bank of Russia into a single People's Bank of the RSFSR was finally completed by 1920. During the process of nationalization, such parts of the banking system were eliminated Tsarist Russia, like mortgage banks, mutual loan societies. The nationalization of banks created the conditions Soviet state for a successful fight against hunger and devastation.

The nationalization of the tsarist banking system and private commercial banks gave impetus to the creation of a modern banking system in the Russian Federation.

The so-called “flight of capital” from Russia, which began in the summer of 1917, led to the abandonment of many enterprises. At first, after coming to power, the Bolsheviks did not plan to nationalize industry. However, the forced taking of ownerless enterprises under guardianship soon became a means of fighting counter-revolution, and as a result, by March 1918, 836 factories and factories were in the hands of the Soviet government. At enterprises, by decree of November 16 (29), 1917, workers’ control “over the production, purchase, sale of products and raw materials, their storage, as well as over the financial side of the enterprise” was secured. The workers exercised leadership through special bodies: plant and factory committees, councils of elders. However, workers' control was unable to regulate the designated processes throughout the entire industry, so on December 5 (18), 1917, the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) was established, which was entrusted with the responsibility of managing the country's economy. The first chairman of the Supreme Economic Council, from December 2 (15), 1917 to March 22, 1918, was the economist Valerian Valerianovich Obolensky (Osinsky).

From the second half of 1918, under the conditions of emergency wartime circumstances and the economic disorganization of the country, the Bolsheviks set a course towards centralizing economic management. The set of measures taken was called “war communism.” IN agriculture and food supply, he expressed himself in the establishment.

In industry, “war communism” manifested itself, first of all, in the nationalization of all the largest enterprises in the main industries. On May 9, 1918, a decree was adopted on the nationalization of the sugar industry, and on June 20, the oil industry. The last decision was preceded by a serious conflict between the central party leadership represented by V.I. Lenin and the Baku Council of People's Commissars. From mid-1918, V.I. Lenin was inclined to abandon his previous thesis about “mandatory and rapid nationalization” and planned to attract foreign capital to the restoration of the oil industry. At the same time, the Baku authorities advocated the speedy nationalization of this industry. As a result, the Baku Council of People's Commissars independently, on June 1, 1918, issued a decree on the nationalization of the oil industry in the region. The central party leadership was forced to admit this and on June 20 adopt a decree on nationalization oil industry nationwide.

The decision to nationalize was soon extended to other industries. Thus, the Bolsheviks took fixed course to centralize industry. On June 28, a decree was adopted on the nationalization of the largest enterprises in the mining, metallurgical, metalworking, textile, electrical, sawmill, tobacco, rubber, glass, ceramic, leather and cement industries. For the centralized management of the national economy, within the framework of the Supreme Economic Council, so-called “headquarters” and centers were soon created, each of which dealt with its own industry: Glavmetal, Glavtorf, Glavtop, Glavtextile, etc. On November 29, 1920, the Supreme Economic Council decided to nationalize “all industrial enterprises owned by private individuals or companies.”

As a result of the emergency measures taken, by 1920, out of 396.5 thousand large, medium and small industrial enterprises, including the handicraft type, 38.2 thousand were nationalized with a number of workers of about 2 million people, i.e. over 70% of all employed in industry. By 1921 it became obvious that the Bolshevik policy of centralizing industry had led to economic decline. There was a decrease in industrial output, a reduction in the number of industrial workers, and a drop in labor productivity. In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (b), a transition to a new economic policy(NEP).

The collection includes decrees and draft decrees on industrial management; theoretical works Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council A. I. Rykov and F. E. Dzerzhinsky about the situation Soviet industry, its achievements and development plans; materials of industrial censuses and regulations on them; correspondence with the Supreme Economic Council on the supply of enterprises; minutes of meetings of the Military Industry Council and visual materials.

Decree on the nationalization of the oil industry
June 20, 1918

2. Small enterprises mentioned in paragraph 1 are excluded from the application of this decree. The grounds and procedure for the said withdrawal are determined by special rules, the development of which is entrusted to the Main Petroleum Committee.

3. Trade in oil and its products is declared a state monopoly.

6. Pending the acceptance of the nationalized enterprises as a whole into the management of the Main Petroleum Committee, the previous boards of these enterprises are obliged to continue their work in full, taking all measures to protect the national property and the uninterrupted course of operations.

8. The Main Oil Committee has the right, without waiting for the submission of balance sheets and until the complete transfer of nationalized enterprises to the management of Soviet authorities, to send its commissars to all boards of oil enterprises, (460) as well as to all centers of extraction, production, transport and trade in oil, Moreover, the Main Petroleum Committee can delegate its powers to its commissioners.

9. All rights and obligations of the councils of congresses of oil industrialists are transferred to the relevant local authorities for the management of the nationalized oil industry.

10. All employees of enterprises and institutions coming under the jurisdiction of the Main Petroleum Committee are ordered to remain in their places without interrupting the work assigned to them.

11. Pending the publication by the Main Petroleum Committee of the instructions, orders and rules provided for in the decree, local councils of the national economy, and where there are none, other local bodies of Soviet power, are given the right to issue them for their region.

12. This decree comes into force immediately upon publication.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
V. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Administrator of the Council of People's Commissars
V. Bonch-Bruevich.
Secretary of the Council N. Gorbunov. Verified according to the publication: Decrees of Soviet Power. Volume II. March 17 – July 10, 1918 M.: State. publishing house political literature, 1959.

The Bolsheviks considered the decrees on the nationalization of land (Decree on Land) and the nationalization of industry to be their most important laws. The decree of November 14, 1917 introduced, instead of the leadership of managers and owners of enterprises, “workers’ control” over production, the purchase and sale of raw materials and goods, and financial activities. This marked the beginning of the destruction of the foundations of the “capitalist economy.” Soon the Bolsheviks nationalized all banks, railways, abolished all types of loans. The authorities no longer recognized Russia’s previous external and internal debts and introduced a monopoly foreign trade. In December 1917, the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) was formed, which began to “build communism” in the economy. But by the spring of 1918, it became clear that the economic experiment had failed - “workers’ control” turned out to be a fiction: labor productivity in enterprises fell sharply, industrial production amounted to 20% of the 1913 level, workers lived worse than before February Revolution. At meetings they began to express distrust of the Bolsheviks, the authorities responded with repression, because under the “dictatorship of the proletariat” no labor movement could exist.

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