Quotes and phrases about music and sounds.

For some time nothing was heard except the howling of the wind and strange sounds - Nanny Ogg was cutting bread. In terms of its effectiveness, this action of hers could only compete with attempts to cut a feather bed with a circular saw.

Terry Pratchett "Masquerade"

Family is if you guess by the sound who is washing in the shower.

Sergey Dovlatov

If by noise you mean unpleasant sounds, then pop music is noise to me.

Masami Akita

And now I have comprehended the secret of music, I understood why it is head and shoulders above all other arts: the point is in its incorporeality. Once she is separated from the instrument, she belongs to herself again. She is the sum of sounds that has gained independence, weightless, incorporeal, completely pure and in complete harmony with the Universe.

Walter Moers

I suddenly realized that any melody has its own exact meaning. And it also seemed to me that we were all just sounds flying from under the fingers of an unknown pianist, just short thirds, smooth sixths and dissonant sevenths in a grandiose symphony that none of us could hear in its entirety.

Victor Pelevin

When there is someone nearby who understands you not even immediately, but long before any sound leaves your lips, it becomes very easy to breathe. Because there is no need to play, or pretend, or be afraid.

Veronica Ivanova

And now your mind is already wandering. The more you try to listen to the music, the more elusive it becomes. The more desperately you try to concentrate, the more barriers appear between you and the sound. You want to become weightless so that the music keeps you afloat like water. Like brandy.

Ron Butlin

The troll folk instrument resembled a chopped oar with four strings and was called “bzdynn.” That's roughly the sound he made.

Olga Gromyko

Punk is not just a sound, music. Punk is a way of life.

Billie Joe Armstrong

Nobody wants to admit that we are hooked on music like a drug. It doesn't happen that way. Nobody gets hooked on music, TV or radio. We just need more: more channels, wider screen, louder sound. We cannot live without music and TV, but no - no one is hooked on them...

Chuck Palahniuk

Music is the language of the soul; this is the area of feelings and moods; this is the life of the soul expressed in sounds.

Alexander Serov

There is no sight in the world more beautiful than the face of your beloved, and no music sweeter than the sound of your beloved voice.

Jean La Bruyère

How little is needed for happiness! The sound of bagpipes. - Without music, life would be a delusion. The German even imagines God singing songs.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Headphones not only allow you to hear sounds better, but also isolate you from the outside world, where you can hear the “normal” noises of this reality. Music becomes the support of my thoughts.

Bernard Werber

So here it is - that autumn landscape, Which I have been so afraid of all my life: And the sky - like a burning abyss, And the sounds of the city - as if heard from the other world, alien forever. It’s as if everything that I had been fighting inside myself all my life received a separate life and was embodied in these Blind walls, in this black garden...

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

21 letters for consonants;
10 letters - vowels;
and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

black -> [h"orny"]
apple -> [yablaka]
anchor -> [yakar"]
Christmas tree -> [yolka]
sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
percussive [´] - accent;
in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
- for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

[b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: zamok - zamok and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

I'm home [ya do "ma].
New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
naked syllable at the very beginning;
repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is outside the curriculum): learn [uch'i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

cup;
goddess;
with songs;
turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
- - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
- - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
- - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

at the very beginning of the word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
- ё - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
- e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
- I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
- [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
- [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
- [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
- [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
- [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
- [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
- [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
- [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
- [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
- [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
- [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
- sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
- [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
[ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], masonry ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

sch → [sch':]: happiness [sch': a´s't'ye], sandstone [p'ish': a´n'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
!zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

"T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
- “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
- tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
“D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
- zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
- ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
- rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
“L” - in combinations:
- sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
“B” - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

We need to choose good music, it gathers our feelings. Rhythm strengthens the mind.
- S. V. Stulginsky “The fundamentals of the scientific, philosophical and religious worldview are the key to understanding the new era”

Music, like rain, drop by drop seeps into the heart and revives it. Rolland R.

Music is not only an ennobling and educational factor. Music- healer of health. Bekhterev

Love and study the great art of music. It will open up to you a whole world of high feelings, passions, thoughts. It will make you spiritually richer. Thanks to music, you will find new strengths in yourself that were previously unknown to you. You will see life in new tones and colors. - Shostakovich

Music is a powerful source of thought. Without musical education, full mental development is impossible.
- Sukhomlinsky

Music inspires the whole world, supplies the soul with wings, promotes the flight of imagination; music gives life and joy to everything that exists, makes a person happy... It can be called the embodiment of everything beautiful and everything sublime.
- Plato

Music is not only an ennobling and educational factor. Music is a healer of health.
- V. Bekhterev

Music, like rain, seeps into the heart drop by drop and revives it.
- R. Rolland

Pythagoras and Plato firmly knew that music reflects order and harmony in the Universe and is therefore capable of restoring broken harmony in the human body. Aristotle said that music cleanses not only the body, but also the soul.

Music is a powerful source of thought. Without musical education, full mental development is impossible.
- Sukhomlinsky V.

Music cannot think, but it can embody thought.
- Wagner R.

“Music is the source of joy for wise people, it is capable of evoking good thoughts among the people, it penetrates deeply into their consciousness and easily changes morals and customs.”
- Xunzi

“Music with its melody takes us to the very edge of eternity and gives us the opportunity to comprehend its greatness within a few minutes.”
- Carlyle T.

“Music is a mediator between the life of the mind and the life of feelings. Music is a revelation higher than wisdom and philosophy."
- Beethoven L.

“Music is intelligence embodied in beautiful sounds.”
- Turgenev I.

“Music is an acoustic composition that arouses in us an appetite for life, just as well-known pharmaceutical compositions arouse an appetite for food.”
- Klyuchevsky V.

“Music is capable of having a certain effect on the ethical side of the soul; and since music has such properties, then, obviously, it should be included among the subjects of youth education.”
- Aristotle

“Music is the unconscious exercise of the soul in arithmetic.” Leibniz G.

“Music encourages us to think eloquently. Music shows a person the possibilities of greatness that exist in his soul.”
- Emerson W.

“Music is the best consolation for a sad person.”
- Luther M.

"Bach almost makes me believe in God."
- Fry R.

“God gave us music so that we would first of all be drawn upward by it...”
- Nietzsche F.

“The order of the universe is a kind of musical harmony, in the great diversity of its manifestations, subject to a certain structure and rhythm, brought into agreement with itself, consonant with itself.”
- Saint Gregory of Nyssa, 4th century Orthodox theologian

Music accompanies the flow of energy everywhere in the universe, even in the smallest cell of life. It is a truly silent sound that we only hear when we are tuned to its frequency. It controls our lower bodies, emotions, mind, mood. Depending on the size, it can calm, inspire, uplift, balance or excite.

Music is a force that can be used for both good and evil, and is a factor that sets the direction for the development of civilization.

All living things on our planet are subject to certain rhythms, and the human body is a component of this system. Each of our organs is capable of emitting vibrations, and they, in turn, can coincide with the vibrations of certain sounds and instruments.

Great composers have always felt the connection between music and the moral, physical and spiritual health of a person.

Music has power. Sounds leave their imprint. Pythagoras postulated that the Universe was created by a force that possessed intelligence, which, in turn, found expression in a perfect mathematical system. He believed that numbers could be expressed through sound, and that there was a musical harmony in the world and on other planets in the Universe, which he called the music of the spheres, the symphony of the Universe.

Some sound tones contribute to the harmonization and unity of disparate energy flows. Sounds affect surrounding energy fields and change vibrational frequencies.

Sounds affect the environment. As a result of experiments on plants, it turned out that under the influence of music, plants began to grow and bloom faster and more luxuriantly than the same plants under normal conditions, where they were not exposed to music. Sounds support and nourish your spiritual powers! Birdsong can have a special effect on us and our environment.

“...through melody and rhythm, you can evoke any feelings, therefore, with the help of music, a person learns to experience the right feelings. Thus, music has the power to shape Man."
- Aristotle, 384-322 BC e.

Classical or Baroque music that sounds in your home has a strong effect on you, on plants, animals and everything that surrounds you, it can inspire or make you sad; enhances people's ability to remember unfamiliar material; The calm rhythms of this music help people achieve a special state of mind that makes them open to learning.

“You need to choose good music, it collects our feelings. Rhythm strengthens the mind."
- S. V. Stulginsky “The fundamentals of the scientific, philosophical and religious worldview are the key to understanding the new era”

Sayings and Quotes

Quotes from famous people about the meaning of life

PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD “STATEMENT”

In a word utterance:
1. 6 syllables (you-ska-zy-va-ni-e);
2. stress falls on the 2nd syllable: statement

1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word “utterance”: [utterance zyv'n❜ иj❜ъ].

LETTER/ [SOUND]				SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
V	-	[V]	-	acc., hard (boys) , Before letters A, O, at, uh, s
s	-	[s]	-	vowel, unstressed; see below § 8.
With	-	[With]	-	acc., hard (boys) , deaf. (boys). Before deaf consonants, paired deaf people do not have a sound replacement (that is, the sound is both written and pronounced).A paired sound in terms of hardness/softness is always hard before a hard sound.
To	-	[To]	-	acc., hard (boys) , deaf. (boys). Before a vowel sound there is no replacement of a consonant in terms of voicedness/voicelessness.Before letters A, O, at, uh, s syllables paired in terms of hardness and softness are always pronounced firmly.
A	-	[A ]	-	vowel, percussion; see below § 15.
h	-	[h]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (boys). Before a vowel sound there is no replacement of a consonant in terms of voicedness/voicelessness.Before letters A, O, at, uh, s syllables paired in terms of hardness and softness are always pronounced firmly.
s	-	[s]	-	vowel, unstressed; see below § 8.
V	-	[V]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (boys). Before a vowel sound there is no replacement of a consonant in terms of voicedness/voicelessness.Before letters A, O, at, uh, s syllables paired in terms of hardness and softness are always pronounced firmly.
A	-	[ъ]	-	vowel, unstressed; see below § 48.
n	-	[n❜]	-	acc., soft (par.), ringing (unpaired), sonorant. The sound [n] is an unpaired voiced sound, so it is pronounced the same way as it is written.Below see § 66, para. 2, 3.
And	-	[And]	-	vowel, unstressed; see below § 5.
e			-	acc., ringing (unpaired), soft. (unpaired)
e		[ъ]	-	vowel, unstressed ; below see paragraph. 2 § 55.

12 letters, 13 sounds

Settings

PRONUNCIATION RULES 1

§ 5

§ 5. The vowels [i], [s], both under stress and in unstressed syllables, are pronounced in accordance with their spelling. They are designated in writing by the letters i and s.

Letter And denotes the sound [and] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: i va, i skra, izba, play, publish; b) after vowels: cut, stand, stand, play; c) after soft consonants: strength, ti na, vit, clean, cabbage soup, wash, saw, pinch, knock out.

§ 8

§ 8. Letter s denotes the vowel [s] inside a word after hard consonants, including after [ts] (except for [sh], [z], after which it is written and; see § 7). Wed. wash, forget, smoke, was, full, smoke, smoke, chick, stubby.

§ 15

§ 15. Letter A denotes the stressed vowel [a] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: act, á rka, á ly; b) after vowels: zahat, poahat; c) after hard consonants: there, dam, myself, din, you, poppy, tank, marriage, step, toad, prank, pity; d) after soft hissing [h] and [sch]: hour, head, swing, mercy.

§ 48

§ 48. In overstressed syllables, after hard consonants, except for the vowels [ы] and [у] (about them, see §§ 5-13), the vowel [ъ] is pronounced, which is denoted in writing by the letters o and a.

Thus, in place of the letters A And O in overstressed syllables the vowel [ъ] is pronounced: a) vý dan (pronounced [vý dān]), selected (pronounced [vý brnʹ]), pulled out (pronounced [vý taskl]), worked tal (pronounced [raboʹ tʹl]), by fences (pronounced [пъ-заbó ъм]), on the fences (pronounced [нъ-зabó ръх]), behind the fences (pronounced [зъ-зabó ръмь]), cow (pronounced [ко́ въ]), windows ( pronounced [о́ кнъ]), dela (pronounced [dé l]), squeezed out (pronounced [vý zhъl]), through the puddles (pronounced [pa-lú zhъm]), in the puddles (pronounced [v-lú zhъh] ), behind the puddles (pronounced [za-lú zh'mi]), puddle (pronounced [lúzh]), you scratched (pronounced [vý tsarʹpʹl]), chicken (pronounced [kuricz]), in the faces (pronounced [pa-u face]); b) take out (pronounced [vý nъs]), throw (pronounced [vý brъs]), head (pronounced [golvu]), on the head (pronounced [na -gulvu]), on the house (pronounced [na - dʹm], narrow (pronounced [у́ зак]), behind the house (pronounced [za-dó mъm]), on the old (pronounced [na-stá rъm]), behind the ditch (pronounced [z-kana voy] ), hay (pronounced [se ́ n]), delo (pronounced [de ́ l]), a lot (pronounced [mno ́ g]), na ́ do (pronounced [na ́ d]).

Thus, if the ending of the form is unstressed. n. and gen. p.un. h. matter and cases or forms average. and female birth past the time has set and set (there is business and there is no business; the sun has set and the moon has set) are pronounced the same way - with a vowel [ъ] at the end: [del ъ], [зхади лъ]. The TV forms are also pronounced the same. p.un. hours and dates p.m. h. husband and average genera: technicians and technicians, fences and fences, barrels and barrels, chairs and chairs: [technics], [fences], [dulums], [chairslam].

Note. At the end of some unchangeable words of foreign language origin, in place of the letter o in an overstressed syllable, the vowel [o] can be pronounced without reduction, for example: aviso (can be pronounced [zo]), veto (can be pronounced [to]), credo (can be pronounced [ to]), legato (can be pronounced [to]), allegro (can be pronounced [ro]). For such words, pronunciation marks are given in the dictionary.

§ 55

§ 55. In place of the letter e, with the exception of some case endings (about them, see below in this paragraph), in overstressed syllables the vowel [b] 1 is pronounced. Wed. choose (pronounced [vy-by-ru]), climb out (pronounced [vy-l-zu]), deduct (pronounced [vy-ch-t]), finger (pronounced [pa-pal-c]); deer, neighbors (pronounced [alen y], [sased y]); ka play, bath ney, cloud, grove (pronounced [drop y], [ban y], [cloud y], [grove y]); armenian not, city dweller (pronounced [Armen❜ а́ н], [гъража́н]); in the house, in the field, in the hay (pronounced [v-dom], [f-pol], [na-sen]); to work, in the bathhouse, in the grove (pronounced [to-work], [v-ban], [v-grove]); more beautiful, more gloomy (pronounced [krasí vi yj], [ugr❜ ú m yj]); cheaper, richer (pronounced [de e she vl], [bagаch]), you will become, you will be, you cry (pronounced [sta st sh], [be sh], [cry sh]); becomes no, will be, cries (pronounced [stand t], [be t], [cry t]); let's become, let's be, cry (pronounced [sta'n m], [bu'dem], [cry m]); you will become, you will be, you will cry (pronounced [stá n❜ te], [be te], [cry]); stand, be, cry, buy, put (pronounced [stá n❜ t], [bú t❜ t], [cry], [buy t❜], [put]).

In some case endings in a stressed syllable, the vowel [ъ] (along with [ь]) can be pronounced in place of the letter e:

in them p.un. h. average kind of adjectives: evil e, other e (can be pronounced [evil йъ], [other йъ]); old, good (can be pronounced [old ryj], [do brj]); mutton, bird whose (can be pronounced [ram ❜ yъ], [bird whose]);

in words dvoʹ e, treʹ e (can be pronounced [dvoʹ yъ], [troʹ yъ]);

on TV p.un. including nouns: kam, teacher, crying (can be pronounced [kamn❜em], [teach l❜ ъм], [crying]);

in genus p.m. including nouns: brothers, chairs, bitches (can be pronounced [bra t❜ yjf], [stú l❜ yъf]. [sú chyf]);

in them p.un. including nouns middle gender: sea, field, happiness (can be pronounced [mo p❜ ъ], [po ́ l❜ ъ], [sha s❜ t❜ йъ]).

The pronunciation of the listed forms with the vowel [ъ] characterizes the old norms and is now used along with their pronunciation with the vowel [ь]: [evil ь], [doú ь], [stone m], [stul❜ йь f], [mó ry].

1 The vowel [ь] is replaced on the site by the sound [i e], which is currently used in university and school literature to denote the pronunciation of the letters e, i in unstressed syllables after a soft consonant.

§ 66

§ 66. The following consonants are both hard and soft: [l] and [b], [f] and [v], [t] and [d], [s] and [z], [m], [ p], [l], [n]. For each of these consonants in Russian graphics there is a corresponding letter. The softness of these consonants at the end of a word is indicated by the letter b. Wed. top and top (pronounced [top❜ ]), econom and economy (pronounced [ekanó m❜ ]), blow and blow (pronounced [ud❜ ]), was and reality (pronounced [was❜ ]). The softness of these consonants before the consonants is also indicated: corner and coal (pronounced [ugal❜ ka]), banku and banku (pronounced [bá n❜ ku]), rarely and radish (pronounced [ré t❜ kъ]) .

The softness of these consonants before vowels is indicated by the letters of the following vowels: letter I(Unlike A) denotes the vowel [a] after a soft consonant; Wed small and crumpled (pronounced [m❜ al]); letter e(Unlike O) denotes the vowel [o] after a soft consonant; Wed mole and chalk (pronounced [m❜ ol]); letter Yu(Unlike at) denotes the vowel [y] after a soft consonant; Wed tuk and bale (pronounced [t❜ uk]). The distribution of letters is approximately the same And And s: the letter and is used after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, and the letter s after hard consonants that have a soft pair; Wed play, hut, clean, sew, drank and ardor, sweet and washed, pitched and howled, thread and whine, wear and noses.

Examples for distinguishing between hard and soft consonants: top and top (pronounced [top❜ ]), bódro and hips (pronounced [b❜ ó dr]), graph and graph (pronounced [graph❜ а́ ]), val and vyal (pronounced [v❜ al]), raft and flesh (pronounced [raft❜ ]), shame and shame (pronounced [shame❜ á ]), os and axis (pronounced [os❜ ]); thunderstorm and thunderstorm (pronounced [graz❜ á ]), ox and led (pronounced [v❜ ol]), coffin and row (pronounced [gr❜ op]), steel and steel (pronounced [stall❜ ]), nose and carried (pronounced [n❜ os]), onion and hatch (pronounced [l❜ uk]), goŕ and bitterly (pronounced [gor ́ r❜ kъ]).

1 Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 pp.